HTML Special Characters and Symbols Reference

Last updated: August 28, 2026.

Most symbols can be written directly in UTF-8. Character references remain useful for reserved syntax, nonbreaking spaces, invisible characters, and hard-to-type symbols.

Reserved and spacing characters

Escape a literal ampersand and a less-than sign that could begin markup. Use a nonbreaking space only when a line break would damage meaning.

<p>Terms &amp; conditions apply.</p>
<p>Price: &euro;25 &mdash; tax included</p>
<button aria-label="Continue to the next page">Next &rarr;</button>

Typography and symbols

Preserve meaning and accessibility

A visual symbol does not provide an accessible name by itself. Buttons need visible text or an aria-label. Do not replace headings, lists, or status text with unexplained decorative symbols.

Reference: WHATWG named character references.